Sketches and wireframes when the question is 'does this flow make sense' — cheap enough to discard, which is the point; polish this early and stakeholders debate button colors while the flow is broken.
Clickable prototypes with real content on core tasks — usability testing territory, where most design de-risking happens per dollar.
Coded prototypes for performance-sensitive interactions, real-data density checks, and AI-feature behavior that static mockups can't fake — bought sparingly, where the question demands it.
Fidelity signals certainty — premature pixel-perfection ends exploration and anchors review on decoration; match the finish to the decision still open.
Skipping the discipline this article describes until an incident, audit, or stalled project forces it — every practice above is cheaper adopted early than retrofitted under pressure.
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